1. Aortic stenosis: Systolic murmur heard best in the aortic area; rarely at apex. Crescendo-decrescendo, transmitted to carotids. A2 decreased. Paradoxical splitting of S2; narrow pulse pressure. Pulsus parvus et tardus.

2. Aortic insufficiency: Diastolic blowing murmur heard at left sternal border in 3rd and 4th interspace. Wide pulse pressure. Quincke's sign (capillary pulsations at fingertips), DeMusset's sign (bobbing head), Muller's sign (pulsing uvula), Corrigan's pulse (water hammer). Pistol shot sounds.

3. Pulmonic stenosis: systolic murmur heard in pulmonic area, transmitted to back and neck. A2 is decreased, P2 is delayed, RVH with parasternal lift.

4. Pulmonic insufficiency: High pitched diastolic murmur; heard in pulmonic area; decrescendo; RVH

5. Mitral stenosis: low rumbling diastolic murmur heard best at apex. Opening snap sometimes present.

6. Mitral insufficiency: loud, holosystolic, high-pitched, heard best at apex and transmitted to axilla. Soft S1.